West Lafayette, Indiana – Researchers have discovered that a known neurotoxin may cause chronic pain in people who suffer from paralysis, and a drug that has been shown to remove the toxin might be used to treat the pain.
The toxin, called acrolein, is produced in the body after nerve cells are injured, triggering a cascade of biochemical events thought to worsen the injury’s severity. The drug hydralazine, which has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for hypertension, has been shown to be effective in reducing acrolein levels in the body.
New research shows hydralazine is effective in reducing chronic pain in laboratory animals and potentially in people who have suffered neurotrauma resulting in paralysis, said Riyi Shi (pronounced Ree Shee), a professor of neuroscience and biomedical engineering in Purdue’s Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, and Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering.
“Beyond paralysis, chronic neuropathic pain drastically impairs the quality of life for spinal cord injury victims. ” he said. “Pain can persist for decades post-injury, which could contribute to depression and suicide.”
The research is a collaboration between Purdue and the Indiana University School of Medicine. New findings are detailed in a research paper appearing this month in the Journal of Neurochemistry. The paper was authored by Michael Due, a postdoctoral fellow at the IU School of Medicine; Purdue graduate students Jonghyuck Park, Lingxing Zheng and Michael Walls; IU graduate student Yohance M. Allette; Fletcher A. White, the V.K. Stoelting Chair of Anesthesia Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology at IU School of Medicine; and Shi.
Researchers studied the role acrolein plays in hypersensitivity to pain in laboratory rats and the effectiveness of hydralazine in reducing the pain.
“It turns out that acrolein is a very important compound behind neuropathic pain,” Shi said. “In a chronic pain situation, a stimulus that ordinarily might feel pleasant, even just a little touch, could cause pain.”
Findings show the quantity of acrolein increases after a spinal cord injury and may activate pain receptors – protein channels called TRPA1 – contained in pain-sensory nerve fibers of dorsal root ganglia located alongside the spine. Following spinal cord injury, the dorsal root ganglia could be affected biochemically or directly through physical trauma.
“The amplification of pain can be exacerbated in spinal cord injury due to acrolein’s direct activation of pain receptors, as well as acrolein-induced inflammation that further intensifies pain sensation,” Shi said. “Sometimes you have pain even without stimulation. You can have excruciating pain just sitting there.”
Findings also indicate that injury causes a three-fold increase in the number of TRPA1 channels, which could further amplify pain caused by acrolein. The research showed hydralazine significantly reduces pain in experiments that measure a rat’s reaction to stimulation.
“Even if we delay administration of hydralazine we can still reduce the pain, meaning not only acute but chronic pain might be reduced by acrolein-scavenging treatment,” Shi said. “This could be promising news for millions of spinal cord injury victims who may suffer from debilitating pain.”
The research is funded by the National Institutes of Health, Indiana Department of Health and the Indiana CTSI Collaboration in Biomedical Translational Research.
Written by Emil Venere
